a recommendation

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bĕnĕfĭcĭum (better than bĕnĭfĭcĭ-um), ii, n. [beneficus].

A benefaction, kindness, favor, benefit, service, euergetêma (sunt qui ita distinguunt, quaedam beneficia esse, quaedam officia, quaedam ministeria. Beneficium esse, quod alienus det:

alienus est, qui potuit sine reprehensione cessare: officium esse filii, uxoris et earum personarum, quas necessitudo suscitat et ferre opem jubet: ministerium esse servi, quem condicio sua eo loco posuit, ut nihil eorum, quae praestat, imputet superiori,

Sen. Ben.3, 18, 1);—(in prose freq.; in poetry, for metrical reasons, only in play-writers; most freq. in Ter.).

In gen.:

nullum beneficium esse duco id, quod, quoi facias, non placet,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 12:

beneficium accipere,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

pro maleficio beneficium reddere,

id. Phorm. 2, 2, 22:

immemor beneficii,

id. And. 1, 1, 17:

cupio aliquos parere amicos beneficio meo,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 69:

beneficium verbis initum re comprobare,

id. And. 5, 1, 5:

nec enim si tuam ob causam cuiquam commodes, beneficium illud habendum est, sed feneratio,

Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117; id. Off. 2. 20, 70:

beneficio adligari: beneficio victus esse,

Cic. Planc. 33, 81; cf.:

Jugurtham beneficiis vincere,

Sall. J. 9, 3:

collocare,

Cic. Off. 1, 15, 49 al.; 2, 20, 69:

dare,

id. ib. 1, 15, 48; id. Fam. 13, 8, 3' deferre, id. Off. 1, 15, 49: conferre in aliquem, [p. 232] id. ib. 1, 14, 45: quia magna mihi debebat beneficia, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12, 1:

in republicā multo praestat benefici quam malefici immemorem esse,

Sall. J. 31, 28:

senatus et populus Romanus benefici et injuriae memor esse solet,

id. ib. 104, 5; Petr. 126, 4:

in iis (hominibus) beneficio ac maleficio abstineri aecum censent,

Liv. 5, 3, 8:

immortali memoriā retinere beneficia,

Nep. Att. 11, 5 al. —Of the favor of the people in giving their vote:

quidquid hoc beneficio populi Romani atque hac potestate praetoriā possum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 69, and 71.—

Esp.

Beneficio, through favor, by the help, aid, support, mediation:

beneficio tuo salvus,

thanks to you, Cic. Fam. 11, 22, 1; 13, 35, 1:

nostri consulatūs beneficio,

by means of, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 6:

servari beneficio Caesaris,

Vell. 2, 71, 1:

hoc beneficio,

by this means, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 14:

sortium beneficio,

by the lucky turn of, Caes. B. G. 1, 53 Herz.:

longissimae aetatis,

Quint. 3, 1, 9:

ingenii,

id. 2, 11, 2; 5, 10, 121:

eloquentiae,

Tac. Or. 8 al.; cf.: fortunae beneficium, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 2.—

In gen., by the agency of:

quod beneficio ejus contingit,

Dig. 39, 2, 40, § 1:

beneficio furis,

ib. 47, 2, 46 pr.—

Alicujus beneficii facere (habere, etc.), to make dependent on one ' s bounty or favor (post-Aug.):

commeatus a senatu peti solitos benefici sui fecit,

Suet. Claud. 23:

ut munus imperii beneficii sui faceret,

Just. 13, 4, 9; cf.:

adeo quidem dominis servi beneficia possunt dare, ut ipsos saepe beneficii sui fecerint,

Sen. Ben. 3, 18, 4:

sed nihil habebimus nisi beneficii alieni?

Quint. 10, 4, 6.—

Transf. to political life.

A distinction, support, favor, promotion (esp. freq. after the Aug. per.):

coöptatio collegiorum ad populi beneficium transferebatur,

Cic. Lael. 25, 96; id. Phil. 2, 36, 91:

quibus omnia populi Romani beneficia dormientibus deferuntur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 180:

in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus,

among those recommended to favor, id. Arch. 5, 11 Halm. ad loc.; id. Fam. 7, 5, 3:

cum suo magno beneficio esset,

under great obligation to his recommendation, id. Phil. 8, 6 Wernsd.; Flor. 4, 2, 92; cf. Suet. Tit. 8.—So,

Esp. freq. of military promotions (whence beneficiarius, q. v.):

quod scribis de beneficiis, scito a me et tribunos militaris et praefectos... delatos esse,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 7:

ut tribuni militum... quae antea dictatorum et consulum ferme fuerant beneficia,

Liv. 9, 30, 3:

beneficia gratuita esse populi Romani,

id. 45, 42, 11; Hirt. B. Afr. 54, 5:

per beneficia Nymphidii,

promoted, advanced through the favor of Nymphidius, Tac. H. 1, 25; 4, 48 Lips.:

beneficii sui centuriones,

i. e. his creatures, Suet. Tib. 12:

Liber beneficiorum or Beneficium,

the book in which the public lands that were bestowed were designated, Hyg. Limit. Const. p. 193 Goes.; Arcad. ib. p. 260.—So, SERVVS. A. COMMENTARIIS. BENEFICIORVM., Inscr. Grut. 578, 1.—

A privilege, right (post-Aug.):

anulorum,

Dig. 48, 7, 42:

religionis,

ib. 3, 3, 18:

militaris,

ib. 29, 1, 3.—Hence, liberorum, a release from the office of judge, received in consequence of having a certain number of children, Suet. Claud. 15; Dig. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—

Personified, as a god:

duos omnino (deos credere), Poenam et Beneficium,

Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 14.

bĕnĕfĭcĭum (better than bĕnĭfĭcĭ-um), ii, n. [beneficus].

A benefaction, kindness, favor, benefit, service, euergetêma (sunt qui ita distinguunt, quaedam beneficia esse, quaedam officia, quaedam ministeria. Beneficium esse, quod alienus det:

alienus est, qui potuit sine reprehensione cessare: officium esse filii, uxoris et earum personarum, quas necessitudo suscitat et ferre opem jubet: ministerium esse servi, quem condicio sua eo loco posuit, ut nihil eorum, quae praestat, imputet superiori,

Sen. Ben.3, 18, 1);—(in prose freq.; in poetry, for metrical reasons, only in play-writers; most freq. in Ter.).

In gen.:

nullum beneficium esse duco id, quod, quoi facias, non placet,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 12:

beneficium accipere,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

pro maleficio beneficium reddere,

id. Phorm. 2, 2, 22:

immemor beneficii,

id. And. 1, 1, 17:

cupio aliquos parere amicos beneficio meo,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 69:

beneficium verbis initum re comprobare,

id. And. 5, 1, 5:

nec enim si tuam ob causam cuiquam commodes, beneficium illud habendum est, sed feneratio,

Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117; id. Off. 2. 20, 70:

beneficio adligari: beneficio victus esse,

Cic. Planc. 33, 81; cf.:

Jugurtham beneficiis vincere,

Sall. J. 9, 3:

collocare,

Cic. Off. 1, 15, 49 al.; 2, 20, 69:

dare,

id. ib. 1, 15, 48; id. Fam. 13, 8, 3' deferre, id. Off. 1, 15, 49: conferre in aliquem, [p. 232] id. ib. 1, 14, 45: quia magna mihi debebat beneficia, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12, 1:

in republicā multo praestat benefici quam malefici immemorem esse,

Sall. J. 31, 28:

senatus et populus Romanus benefici et injuriae memor esse solet,

id. ib. 104, 5; Petr. 126, 4:

in iis (hominibus) beneficio ac maleficio abstineri aecum censent,

Liv. 5, 3, 8:

immortali memoriā retinere beneficia,

Nep. Att. 11, 5 al. —Of the favor of the people in giving their vote:

quidquid hoc beneficio populi Romani atque hac potestate praetoriā possum,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 69, and 71.—

Esp.

Beneficio, through favor, by the help, aid, support, mediation:

beneficio tuo salvus,

thanks to you, Cic. Fam. 11, 22, 1; 13, 35, 1:

nostri consulatūs beneficio,

by means of, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 6:

servari beneficio Caesaris,

Vell. 2, 71, 1:

hoc beneficio,

by this means, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 14:

sortium beneficio,

by the lucky turn of, Caes. B. G. 1, 53 Herz.:

longissimae aetatis,

Quint. 3, 1, 9:

ingenii,

id. 2, 11, 2; 5, 10, 121:

eloquentiae,

Tac. Or. 8 al.; cf.: fortunae beneficium, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 2.—

In gen., by the agency of:

quod beneficio ejus contingit,

Dig. 39, 2, 40, § 1:

beneficio furis,

ib. 47, 2, 46 pr.—

Alicujus beneficii facere (habere, etc.), to make dependent on one ' s bounty or favor (post-Aug.):

commeatus a senatu peti solitos benefici sui fecit,

Suet. Claud. 23:

ut munus imperii beneficii sui faceret,

Just. 13, 4, 9; cf.:

adeo quidem dominis servi beneficia possunt dare, ut ipsos saepe beneficii sui fecerint,

Sen. Ben. 3, 18, 4:

sed nihil habebimus nisi beneficii alieni?

Quint. 10, 4, 6.—

Transf. to political life.

A distinction, support, favor, promotion (esp. freq. after the Aug. per.):

coöptatio collegiorum ad populi beneficium transferebatur,

Cic. Lael. 25, 96; id. Phil. 2, 36, 91:

quibus omnia populi Romani beneficia dormientibus deferuntur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 180:

in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus,

among those recommended to favor, id. Arch. 5, 11 Halm. ad loc.; id. Fam. 7, 5, 3:

cum suo magno beneficio esset,

under great obligation to his recommendation, id. Phil. 8, 6 Wernsd.; Flor. 4, 2, 92; cf. Suet. Tit. 8.—So,

Esp. freq. of military promotions (whence beneficiarius, q. v.):

quod scribis de beneficiis, scito a me et tribunos militaris et praefectos... delatos esse,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 7:

ut tribuni militum... quae antea dictatorum et consulum ferme fuerant beneficia,

Liv. 9, 30, 3:

beneficia gratuita esse populi Romani,

id. 45, 42, 11; Hirt. B. Afr. 54, 5:

per beneficia Nymphidii,

promoted, advanced through the favor of Nymphidius, Tac. H. 1, 25; 4, 48 Lips.:

beneficii sui centuriones,

i. e. his creatures, Suet. Tib. 12:

Liber beneficiorum or Beneficium,

the book in which the public lands that were bestowed were designated, Hyg. Limit. Const. p. 193 Goes.; Arcad. ib. p. 260.—So, SERVVS. A. COMMENTARIIS. BENEFICIORVM., Inscr. Grut. 578, 1.—

A privilege, right (post-Aug.):

anulorum,

Dig. 48, 7, 42:

religionis,

ib. 3, 3, 18:

militaris,

ib. 29, 1, 3.—Hence, liberorum, a release from the office of judge, received in consequence of having a certain number of children, Suet. Claud. 15; Dig. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—

Personified, as a god:

duos omnino (deos credere), Poenam et Beneficium,

Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 14.

commendātĭo, ōnis, f. [commendo], a commendation, recommending (in good prose, and very freq.).

In abstr., as an act:

amicorum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 3, 1; 12, 26 ter; id. Fin. 5, 15, 41; Sall. C. 35, 1; Quint. 9, 2, 59; cf. id. 5, 10, 41; 4, 3, 17; Suet. Caes. 75; id. Aug. 46 al.—In plur., Cic. Fam. 13, 32, 1.—With gen. obj.:

ad ceteros contempti hominis,

Cic. Att. 8, 4, 1:

sui,

id. Or. 36, 124 (opp. offensio adversarii); Dig. 1, 16, 4, § 3:

commendationes morientium,

Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 65; cf. commendo, I. B. 2.—

Trop., by the eyes:

oculorum,

Cic. de Or. 2, 87, 357:

naturae,

id. Planc. 13, 31.—

In concr., that which recommends, the excellence of a thing, worth, praise, a recommendation:

ingenii,

Cic. Brut. 67, 238:

liberalitatis,

id. Fam. 1, 7, 9:

majorum,

id. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

probitatis,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 211:

fumosarum imaginum (i. e. nobilitatis),

id. Pis. 1, 1:

tanta (erat) oris atque orationis,

Nep. Alcib. 1, 2:

formae atque aetatis, Auct. B. Alex. 41: animi,

Quint. 4, 2, 113:

morum,

id. 11, 3, 154:

prima commendatio proficiscitur a modestiā,

Cic. Off. 2, 13, 46; cf. id. ib. § 45; id. Deiot. 1, 2:

Epicurus, cum in primā commendatione voluptatem dixisset,

id. Fin. 2, 12, 35; cf. id. ib. 5, 14, 40.

dī̆plōma, ătis (dat. and abl. plur. regul. diplomatibus, Tac. H. 2, 65; Plin. Ep. 10, 122; Suet. Aug. 50; Murat. Inscr. 885, 4), n., = diplôma, a letter folded double, viz.,

A state letter of recommendation given to persons travelling to the provinces, Cic. Fam. 6, 12, 3; id. Att. 10, 17, 4; id. Pis. 37; Tac. H. 2, 54; Plin. Ep. 10, 14 al.—

In gen., a document drawn up by a magistrate, assuring to the holder some favor or privilege, a diploma, Suet. Aug. 50; id. Calig. 38; Sen. Clem. 1, 10 fin.; Dig. 48, 10, 27 al.

ob-servo, āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic fut. perf. observasso, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 57), v. a.

In gen., to watch, note, heed, observe a thing; to take notice of, pay attention to (class.;

syn.: animadverto, attendo): ne me observare possis, quid rerum geram,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 14:

quid ille faciat, ne id observes,

id. Men. 5, 2, 38:

fetus,

to watch for, seek to catch, Verg. G. 4, 512:

lupus observavit, dum dormitarent canes,

watched, waited, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 133:

occupationem alicujus, et aucupari tempus,

to watch in order to take advantage of, Cic. Rosc. Am. 8, 22:

si iniquitates observaveris, Domine,

Vulg. Psa. 129, 3: tempus epistulae alicui reddendae, to watch or wait for, Cic. Fam. 11, 16, 1:

et insidiari,

to be on the watch, id. Or. 62, 210: observavit sedulo, ut praetor indiceret, etc., took care that, etc., Suet. Claud. 22.—So pass. impers.:

observatum est, ne quotiens introiret urbem, supplicium de quoquam sumeretur,

Suet. Aug. 57 fin.:

observans Acerroniae necem,

observing, perceiving, Tac. A. 14, 6:

postquam poëta sensit, scripturam suam Ab iniquis observari,

to be scrutinized, Ter. Ad. prol. 1:

sese,

to keep a close watch over one's self, Cic. Brut. 82, 283.—

In partic.

To watch, guard, keep any thing:

januam,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 7:

fores,

id. Mil. 2, 3, 57:

greges,

Ov. M. 1, 513: draconem, auriferam obtutu observantem arborem, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 9, 22; Sen. Hippol. 223.—

To observe, respect, regard, attend to, heed, keep, comply with a law, precept, recommendation, etc.:

leges,

Cic. Off. 2, 11, 40:

censoriam animadversionem,

id. Clu. 42, 117:

praeceptum diligentissime,

Caes. B. G. 5, 35:

imperium,

Sall. J. 80, 2:

foedus,

Sil. 17, 78:

centesimas,

to adhere to, Cic. Att. 5, 21, 11:

commendationes,

to attend to, regard, id. Fam. 13, 27, 1:

auspicia,

Tac. G. 9:

diem concilii,

Liv. 1, 50, 6:

ordines,

to keep in the ranks, Sall. J. 51, 1.— Pass.:

id ab omnibus,

Just. 21, 4, 5.—

To pay attention or respect to; to respect, regard, esteem, honor one (syn.:

veneror, revereor): tribules suos,

Cic. Planc. 18, 45:

regem,

Verg. G. 4, 210:

me, ut alterum patrem, et observat, et diligit,

Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

et colere aliquem,

id. Att. 2, 19, 5:

aliquem perofficiose et amanter,

id. ib. 9, 20, 3:

clarissimus et nobis observandus vir,

Front. Ep. ad Anton. p. 4.—

Observare se a quā re = se abstinere, Vulg. Judic. 13, 12.—

To observe, notice, perceive (eccl. Lat.):

Amasa non observavit gladium,

Vulg. 2 Reg. 20, 10.—Hence,

ob-servans, antis, P. a.

Watchful, regardful, observant.—Comp.:

observantior aequi Fit populus,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 296.— Sup.:

observantissimus omnium officiorum,

Plin. Ep. 7, 30, 1; 10, 11, 1: observantissima lex suorum itinerum, App. de Mundo, 33 fin. —

Attentive, respectful:

homo tui observans,

Cic. Quint. 11, 39; Charis. 77 P.:

observantissimus mei homo,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 11; id. Fam. 13, 3 init. —Hence, adv.: observanter, carefully, sedulously (post-class.):

sequi,

Macr. Somn. Scip. 1, 1, § 7; App. Mag. p. 320, 11.— Comp.:

observantius,

Amm. 23, 6, 79.— Sup.:

aliquid observantissime vitare,

Gell. 10, 21.—

Reverentially:

ad precandum accedere,

Lact. 5, 19, 26.—

observātē, adv., observantly, carefully, perspicaciously (postclass.):

observate curioseque animadvertit M. Tullius,

Gell. 2, 17, 1.